Annually, approximately 48 million episodes of diarrhea are leading to 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths due to diarrheal illnesses are occurring in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2011 Mounts et al. According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) annual estimates, there are globally 300–500 million cases of malaria, 333 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomonas), 33 million cases of HIV/AIDS, 14 million people infected with tuberculosis, and 3–5 million cases of cholera (WHO 2010).Įven though infectious diseases are much more common in the non-industrialized world, the prevalence of infection is still very high for some infectious diseases in the industrialized world. Morbidity due to infectious diseases is very common in spite of the progress accomplished in recent decades. Throughout the ages, humanity suffered from large pandemics such as plague, smallpox, cholera, and influenza but also from the more silent killers of chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis. For example, parasitic and zoonotic diseases have become more common after domestication of animals, airborne viral and bacterial infections after large settlements and urbanization. The spread of infectious diseases was influenced by various steps in human civilization. Infectious diseases are a major cause of human suffering in terms of both morbidity and mortality throughout human history. The closest to “shoe leather” epidemiology, meaning going into the community, talking to patients, contacts, practitioners, observing the environment (living conditions, activities, food preparation, water supply, etc.)ĭirect understanding and “closeness” to data On the contrary, for infectious disease, the interaction between cases and contacts is of prime importance this special feature of infectious disease epidemiology is discussed in the section transmission and basic concepts important to infectious diseases.Īlthough not entirely specific of infectious disease epidemiology, some characteristics are more often found in this field of study for example, infectious disease epidemiology is: For non-infectious diseases, each case and his/her risk factors are personal and independent from the neighbor (your neighbor’s risk factors for heart disease have no influence on your risk factors). In addition, infectious disease epidemiology also considers the interaction between individuals within the population group.
Then, detailed knowledge of the disease biology is of capital importance.Įpidemiologists focus their study on population groups (or “herds”) rather than on individuals. At a later stage, implementation of these methods must be adapted to the specific infectious disease under consideration. In this chapter, the focus is placed on the concepts and methods more specific to the general epidemiological study of infectious diseases. Most textbooks dealing with the epidemiology of infectious diseases address the epidemiological features (also named biology) of specific infectious diseases. We hope you do not use it for commercial purposes.Specifics of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
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